Melk Abbey
tarihin
Babban dutsen Benedictine Abbey na Melk, wanda ake iya gani daga nesa, yana haskaka rawaya mai haske akan wani babban dutse mai gangarowa arewa zuwa Kogin Melk da Danube. A matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ƙawance kuma mafi girman haɗaɗɗen rukunin baroque a cikin Turai, Cibiyar Tarihin Duniya ce ta UNESCO.
831 an ambaci wurin a matsayin Medilica (= kogin iyaka) kuma yana da mahimmanci a matsayin al'adun sarauta da gundumar katanga.
A cikin rabin na biyu na karni na 10, Sarkin sarakuna ya mamaye Leopold I na Babenberg tare da kunkuntar tsiri tare da Danube, tare da katanga, ƙaƙƙarfan yanki, a tsakiyar.
Rubuce-rubucen da ke cikin Laburaren Abbey na Melk suna nufin ƙungiyar firistoci da suka rigaya a ƙarƙashin Margrave Leopold I. Tare da fadada mulkin zuwa gabas zuwa Tulln, Klosterneuburg da Vienna, Melker Burg ya rasa mahimmancinsa. Amma Melk ya zama wurin binne Babenbergs kuma a matsayin wurin binne ga St. Koloman, waliyyi na farko na ƙasar.
Margrave Leopold II yana da gidan sufi da aka gina akan dutsen da ke saman garin, wanda sufaye Benedictine daga Lambach Abbey suka koma cikin 1089. Leopold III canja wurin zuwa Benedictines da Babenberg castle sansanin soja, kazalika da Estates da Ikklesiya da ƙauyen Melk.
Tun da aka kafa gidan sufi ta hanyar margrave, an cire shi daga ikon diocese na Passau a cikin 1122 kuma an sanya shi kai tsaye ƙarƙashin Paparoma.
Har zuwa karni na 13 Melker Stift ya sami haɓakar al'adu, ilimi da tattalin arziki kuma an rubuta makarantar sufi cikin rubuce-rubuce tun farkon 1160.
Wata babbar gobara ta lalata ƙarshen ƙarni na 13. Monastery, coci da duk outbuildings. An girgiza tarbiyyar zuhudu da ginshiƙan tattalin arziki da annoba da mugun girbi. Sukar da aka yi wa sufaye da kuma cin zarafi masu alaƙa a cikin gidajen ibada ya haifar da gyara da aka yanke a 1414 a Majalisar Constance. Bin misalin gidan sufi na Italiya Subiaco, duk gidajen zuhudu na Benedictine yakamata su kasance bisa manufa na Dokar Benedict. Cibiyar waɗannan sabuntawa ita ce Melk.
Nikolaus Seyringer, abbot na gidan sufi na Benedictine na Italiya a Subiaco kuma tsohon shugaban jami'ar Vienna, an nada shi a matsayin abba a gidan sufi na Melk don aiwatar da "sake fasalin Melk". A karkashinsa, Melk ya zama abin koyi na tsauraran horo na zuhudu kuma, dangane da Jami'ar Vienna, cibiyar al'adu a karni na 15.
Kashi biyu bisa uku na rubuce-rubucen Melk da suka wanzu har yau daga wannan lokacin.
Lokacin gyarawa
Masu daraja sun shiga hulɗa da Lutheranism a Abincin Abinci. Hakanan a matsayin nunin adawar siyasarsu ga sarakunan su, yawancin masu fada aji sun koma Furotesta. Manoma da mazauna kasuwar sun kasance sun karkata ga tunanin motsin Anabaptist. Adadin mutanen da ke shiga gidan ibada ya ragu matuka. Gidan sufi yana gab da rushewa. A cikin 1566 akwai limamai uku kawai, limamai uku da ’yan’uwa maza biyu da suka rage a gidan sufi.
Don hana tasirin Lutheran, Ikklesiya a yankin an mamaye su daga gidan sufi. Melk ita ce cibiyar yanki na Counter-Reformation. Bisa tsarin makarantun Jesuit masu aji shida, a cikin karni na 12. kafa,
makarantar mafi tsufa a Austria, Melker Klosterschule, ta sake tsarawa. Bayan shekaru hudu a makarantar Melk, daliban sun tafi Kwalejin Jesuit da ke Vienna na tsawon shekaru biyu.
A 1700 Berthold Dietmayr aka zaba abbot. Manufar Dietmayr ita ce ta jaddada muhimmancin addini, siyasa da ruhaniya na gidan sufi tare da sabon gini.
A cikin 1702, jim kaɗan kafin Jakob Prandtauer ya yanke shawarar gina sabon gidan sufi, an aza harsashin ginin sabuwar cocin. Antonio Peduzzi ne ya tsara ciki, aikin stucco na Johan Pöckh da mai zane Johann Michael Rottmayr frescos na rufi. Paul Troger ya zana frescoes a cikin ɗakin karatu da kuma a cikin Marble Hall. Kirista David daga Vienna ne ke da alhakin gilding. Joseph Munggenast, kane na Prandtauer, ya kammala aikin ginin bayan mutuwar Prandtauer.
A shekara ta 1738 wata gobara a gidan ibada ta lalata ginin da aka kusa kammalawa.
A karshe, an bude sabuwar cocin sufi bayan shekaru 8. Masanin gidan sufi a Melk shine daga baya Viennese Cathedral Kapellmeister Johann Georg Albrechtsberger.
Karni na 18 ya kasance zamanin zinare ta fuskar kimiyya da kida. Sai dai saboda mahimmancin da yake da shi ga jihar, tsarin makarantu da kula da makiyaya, ba a rufe gidan sufi a karkashin Joseph II kamar sauran gidajen sufi.
A cikin 1785 Emperor Joseph II ya sanya gidan sufi karkashin jagorancin kwamandan jihar Abbot. An soke waɗannan tanadin bayan mutuwar Yusufu II.
A cikin 1848 gidan sufi ya rasa ikon mallakarsa, kuma an yi amfani da kuɗin diyya na kuɗi daga wannan don sake sabunta gidan sufi. Abbot Karl 1875-1909 yana da babban tasiri a rayuwa a yankin. An kafa makarantar renon yara kuma gidan sufi ya ba da filaye ga birnin. Bugu da ƙari, a kan yunƙurin Abbot Karl, an dasa bishiyoyin cider a kan titunan ƙasar, waɗanda har yanzu ke nuna yanayin ƙasa a yau.
A farkon karni na 20, an shigar da magudanar ruwa, sabbin bututun ruwa da fitilun lantarki. Don ba da kuɗin kuɗin gidan sufi da aka sayar, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, Littafi Mai Tsarki na Gutenberg zuwa Jami'ar Yale a 1926.
Bayan hadewar Ostiriya a cikin 1938, 'yan gurguzu na ƙasa sun rufe makarantar sakandaren sufi kuma an kwace babban ɓangaren ginin gidan sufi don makarantar sakandare ta jiha. Gidan sufi ya tsira daga yakin da kuma lokacin da ya biyo baya ba tare da lalacewa ba.
Aikin gyara ginin kofar shiga da harabar fadar shugaban kasa, da kuma nazarin tsarin dakin karatu da dakin taro na Kolomani, ya zama dole domin bikin cika shekaru 900 na gidan sufi a shekarar 1989 tare da baje koli.
alkalami
Rukunin, wanda aka gina shi daidai a cikin salon Baroque na Jakob Prandtauer, yana da bangarorin bayyane guda 2. A gabas, kunkuntar ƙofar palatial tare da tashar tashar da aka kammala a cikin 1718, wanda ke kusa da bass biyu. Bastion na kudanci wani kagara ne daga shekara ta 1650, an gina bastion na biyu a gefen dama na tashar don dalilai na ƙima.
A yamma muna fuskantar wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo daga facade na coci zuwa baranda tare da hangen nesa mai nisa akan kwarin Danube da gidajen birnin Melk a gindin gidan sufi.
A tsakani, farfajiyar fage daban-daban suna bin juna, waɗanda ke karkata zuwa ga coci. Ketare ginin ƙofar ka shiga farfajiyar mai tsaron ƙofa, wanda ɗaya daga cikin hasumiya na Babenberg yake a gefen dama. Yana daga cikin tsohuwar katanga.
Muna ci gaba ta hanyar babbar hanya kuma yanzu muna cikin ɗakin bene mai haske mai hawa biyu, Benediktihalle, tare da fresco na St. Benedict a kan rufi.
Daga nan muna duba cikin farfajiyar trapezoidal prelate. A tsakiyar tsakar gida maɓuɓɓugan Kolomani ya tsaya har zuwa 1722, wanda Abbot Berthold Dietmayr ya ba garin kasuwa na Melk. Wani marmaro daga rushewar Waldhausen Abbey a yanzu yana tsaye a madadin maɓuɓɓugar Kolomani a tsakiyar kotun fadar shugaban ƙasa.
Sauki da kwanciyar hankali suna kwatanta tsarin facade na gine-ginen da ke kewaye. Zane-zane na Baroque a tsakiyar gables na Franz Rosenstingl, wanda ke nuna kyawawan dabi'u hudu (daidaitacce, hikima, jaruntaka, adalci), a cikin 1988 da zane-zane na zamani daga masu zane-zane na zamani.
Kaiserstiege, Kaisertrakt da Museum
Daga Prälatenhof za mu haye kusurwar baya ta hagu ta ƙofar da ke kan wani gidan sarauta zuwa Kaiserstiege, matakala mai kyau. Ƙunƙasa a cikin ƙananan ɓangaren, yana buɗewa zuwa sama tare da stucco da sassaka.
A bene na farko, Kaisergang mai tsayin mita 196 ya ratsa kusan gaba dayan kudancin gidan.
Hotunan hotuna na dukkan sarakunan Austriya, Babenberger da Habsburg, an rataye su a bangon Kaisergang a Melk Abbey. Daga nan za mu shiga dakunan gidan sarauta, waɗanda ake amfani da su azaman gidan kayan gargajiya na sufi. "Melker Kreuz", wanda Duke Rudolf IV ya bayar, wuri mai mahimmanci don ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan tarihi, wani barbashi daga giciyen Kristi, ana nuna shi ne kawai a lokuta na musamman.
colomani monstrance
Wani taska na gidan sufi shine Kolomani monstrance, tare da ƙananan muƙamuƙi na St. Koloman, Dar. kowace shekara a ranar idin Saint Koloman, Oktoba 13, ana nuna shi a hidimar tunawa da tsarkaka. In ba haka ba, ana nuna al'adun Kolomani a cikin gidan kayan tarihi na Abbey na Melk Abbey, wanda ke cikin tsoffin dakunan daular.
Zauren Marmara
Gidan Marble, benaye biyu mai tsayi, yana haɗuwa da Imperial Wing azaman liyafa da ɗakin cin abinci don baƙi na duniya. Zauren ya yi zafi da iska mai zafi ta wata tukunyar karfe da aka yi a kasan da ke tsakiyar falon.
Wani babban zanen rufin da Paul Troger ya yi a kan rufin falon da aka datse a cikin Marble Hall na Melk Abbey yana da ban sha'awa, wanda da shi ya sami shaharar ƙasa. "Nasara na Pallas Athene da nasara akan ikokin duhu" yana nuna adadi da ke shawagi a cikin wani yanki na sama sama da zanen izgili.
library
Bayan coci, ɗakin karatu shine ɗaki na biyu mafi mahimmanci a cikin gidan sufi na Benedictine don haka ya wanzu tun lokacin da aka kafa gidan sufi na Melk.
An raba ɗakin karatu na Melk zuwa manyan ɗakuna biyu. A cikin ƙaramin ɗaki na biyu, ginannen matakala mai karkace yana aiki azaman samun dama ga hoton da ke kewaye.
Falo fresco na Paul Troger a cikin mafi girman ɗakunan ɗakin karatu biyu ya haifar da bambanci na ruhaniya zuwa fresco na rufi a cikin Marble Hall na Melk Abbey. Itace mai duhu tare da aikin inlay da daidaitawa, launin ruwan zinari-launin ruwan kasa na kashin bayan littafin sun tabbatar da kyakkyawan yanayi mai jituwa. A bene na sama akwai dakunan karatu guda biyu tare da frescoes na Johann Bergl, waɗanda ba su isa ga jama'a. Laburare na Melk Abbey ya ƙunshi kusan rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce 1800 tun ƙarni na 9 kuma jimillar kusan littattafai 100.000.
Collegiate Church na St. Peter da St. Paul, sadaukarwa a 1746
Babban madaidaicin rukunin gidan sufi na Baroque na Melk Abbey shine majami'ar koleji, babban coci mai tsayi tare da facade na hasumiya biyu wanda aka tsara akan cocin Jesuit na Roman Il Gesu.
Mun shiga wani katafaren falo mai dauke da ganga mai dauke da dakin ibada na gefe da oratorios da dome mai tsayin mita 64. Babban ɓangare na ƙira da shawarwari na wannan cikin cocin ana iya samo su zuwa ga masanin wasan kwaikwayo na Italiya Antonio Beduzzi.
A cikin Majami'ar Melk Collegiate, babban aikin fasaha na baroque ya buɗe a gabanmu. Haɗin kai na gine-gine, stucco, sassaka, tsarin bagadi da bangon bango da aka yi wa ado da ganyen zinariya, stucco da marmara. Hotunan da Johann Michael Rottmayr ya yi, da bagadin Paul Troger, da mimbari da babban bagadi da Giuseppe Galli-Bibiena ya ƙera, sassaƙaƙen da Lorenzo Mattielli ya zana da kuma sassaka na Peter Widerin ya haifar da babban ra'ayi na wannan babban cocin Baroque.
Daga cikin babbar gabobin da mai ginin gabobin Viennese Gottfried Sonnholz ya gina, an kiyaye bayyanar gabban ne kawai daga lokacin da aka gina ta a shekarar 1731/32. An yi watsi da ainihin aikin a cikin 1929 a lokacin tuba. Gregor-Hradetzky ya gina sashin yau a cikin 1970.
Yankin lambu
Gidan shakatawa na baroque abbey tare da ra'ayi na baranda na baroque a ƙasa an tsara shi da farko tare da furen baroque, koren shuka da kayan ado na tsakuwa, daga ra'ayin lambun "aljanna" na zamanin baroque a lokacin da aka halicce shi. Lambun ya dogara ne akan ra'ayi na falsafa-tiyoloji, lamba mai tsarki 3. An shimfida wurin shakatawa a cikin filaye 3 tare da kwandon ruwa, ruwa a matsayin alamar rayuwa, a kan terrace na 3. Baroque mai lankwasa maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a ƙasa, a tsakiyar tsakiyar axis na lambun da kuma lambun lambun, yayi daidai da fitilar da ke sama da cocin cupola, wanda St. Ruhu, mutum na uku na allahntaka, ana wakilta a cikin siffar kurciya a matsayin alamar rai.
Bayan 1800 an tsara wurin shakatawa na Turanci. Daga nan sai wurin shakatawa ya yi girma har zuwa lokacin da aka gyara wurin shakatawa a cikin 1995. The "Temple of Honor", wani neo-baroque, bude rumfa mai gefe takwas tare da mansard kaho a kan terrace na 3 na wurin shakatawa na sufi, da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa an sake dawo da su, kamar yadda tsohon tsarin hanyoyi ya kasance. Hanyar bishiyar linden, wasu daga cikinsu tana da kusan shekaru 250, ana dasa su a mafi girman wurin shakatawa na Abbey. Lafazin fasaha na zamani sun haɗa wurin shakatawa da na yanzu.
Shigar da "Benedictus-Weg" yana da taken "Benedictus mai albarka" a matsayin abun ciki. An shimfida lambun aljanna bisa ga tsoffin samfura daga lambunan gidan zuhudu, tare da ganyen magani da tsire-tsire masu launuka masu ƙarfi da ƙamshi.
A ƙasa akwai "Jardin méditerranée" wani m, lambun Bahar Rum. Tsiren Littafi Mai-Tsarki kamar bishiyar ɓaure, kurangar inabi, bishiyar dabino da itacen apple ana dasa su gaba a kan hanya.
Lambun lambun
Rukunin lambun Baroque da ke kasan filin shakatawa na Abbey abin kallo ne.
A cikin 1747/48 Franz Munggenast ya gina rumfar lambu don firistoci a matsayin wurin shakatawa bayan tsauraran lokutan Azumi. Magungunan da aka yi amfani da su a lokacin, kamar zubar da jini da magunguna daban-daban, sun buƙaci ƙarfafawa daga baya. Sufaye sun kasu kashi biyu, ɗayan ya ci gaba da rayuwa ta sufanci, yayin da ɗayan kuma aka ba shi damar hutawa.
Hotunan da Johann W. Bergl, ɗalibin Paul Troger kuma abokin Franz Anton Maulbertsch ya yi, ya nuna hali na baroque na tunanin rayuwa, fentin yanayi na paradisiacal, kamar yadda ya bambanta da asceticism na rayuwar zuhudu. Taken frescoes sama da tagogi da kofofi a cikin babban zauren rumfar shine duniyar ma'ana. Putti yana wakiltar ma'ana guda biyar, misali ma'anar dandano, mafi mahimmancin ma'ana, ana wakilta sau biyu, kamar yadda ake sha a kudu da cin abinci a arewa.
Rana tana haskakawa a tsakiyar fresco na rufi, sararin sama, kuma a sama da shi muna ganin baka na zodiac tare da alamun kowane wata na yanayi bazara, bazara da kaka.
A gefuna na fresco na rufi a kan fenti, ana nuna nahiyoyin hudu da aka sani a lokacin: Turai a arewa, Asiya a gabas, Afirka a kudu da Amurka a yamma. Ana iya ganin al'amuran ban mamaki a cikin sauran ɗakuna, kamar gano Amurka a ɗakin gabas. Hotunan mala'iku suna wasa katunan ko mala'iku masu alamar billiard sun nuna cewa an yi amfani da wannan ɗakin azaman zauren caca.
A cikin watannin bazara, ana amfani da babban falon rumfar lambun da ke Melk Abbey azaman mataki na kide-kide a Ranakun Baroque na Duniya a Fentikos ko na rani a watan Agusta.
Melk Abbey da wurin shakatawansa suna yin jituwa gaba ɗaya ta hanyar hulɗar matakan ruhaniya da na yanayi.