Melk Abbey
nhoroondo
Iyo monumental Benedictine Abbey yeMelk, inoonekwa kubva kure, inopenya yero yakapenya pamawere anotsvedza kuchamhembe akananga kuMelk River neDanube. Seimwe yeakanakisa uye akakura akabatana baroque ensembles muEurope, iri UNESCO World Heritage Site.
831 iyo nzvimbo inotaurwa seMedilica (= rwizi rwemuganhu) uye yaive yakakosha setsika dzehumambo uye dunhu renhare.
Muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi 10, Mambo akarwadzisa Leopold I weBabenberg nekachira katete pedyo neDanube, nenhare, musha wakasimba, pakati.
Manyoro ari muAbbey Library yeMelk anoreva nharaunda yevapristi yatova pasi paMargrave Leopold I. Nekuwedzera kwehutongi kumabvazuva kuTulln, Klosterneuburg neVienna, Melker Burg yakarasikirwa nekukosha kwayo. Asi Melk akashanda senzvimbo yekuvigwa yeBabenbergs uye senzvimbo yekuvigwa yeSt. Koloman, muchengeti wekutanga wenyika.
Margrave Leopold II aive neimba yemamongi yakavakirwa padombo pamusoro peguta, iyo mamongi eBenedictine kubva kuLambach Abbey akatamiramo muna 1089. Leopold III akatamisirwa kuBenedictines nhare yeBabenberg, pamwe nemasitendi uye paramende uye musha weMelk.
Sezvo imba yemamongi yakavambwa nemargrave, yakabviswa pakutonga diocese yePassau muna 1122 ikaiswa pasi paPope.
Kusvikira muzana remakore rechi13 iyo Melker Stift yakasangana netsika, yehungwaru uye yehupfumi kusimuka uye chikoro chemamongi chakanyorwa mumanyoro kare 1160.
Moto mukuru wakaparadza kuguma kwezana remakore rechi13. Monastery, chechi uye zvese zvinovaka kunze. Kuranga kwemamongi uye nheyo dzehupfumi zvakazununguswa nedenda uye goho rakashata. Kutsoropodzwa kwekusatenderwa kwenyika kwemamongi uye kushungurudzwa kwakabatana mumamongi kwakaguma neshanduko yakasarudzwa muna 1414 paKanzuru yeConstance. Tichitevera muenzaniso weimba yemamongi yeItaly Subiaco, mamongi ese eBenedictine anofanirwa kunge ari pamusoro pezvinangwa zveKutonga kwaBenedict. Pakati pekuvandudzwa uku aive Melk.
Nikolaus Seyringer, abbot weItaly Benedictine monastery muSubiaco uye aimbove rector weYunivhesiti yeVienna, akaiswa seabbot muMelk monastery kuti aite "Melk reform". Pasi pake, Melk akave muenzaniso wekusimba kwemamongi uye, maererano neYunivhesiti yeVienna, nzvimbo yetsika muzana remakore rechi15.
Zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvezvinyorwa zveMelk zvakasara kusvika nhasi zvino kubva panguva ino.
Nguva yeReformation
Vanokudzwa vakasangana neLutheranism kumaDiets. Uyewo seratidzirwo yokuramba kwavo vatongi vezvamatongerwe enyika, voruzhinji vavakuru vakuru vakatendeukira kuchiPurotesitendi. Varimi nevagari vomumusika wacho vaiwanzotendeukira kupfungwa dzesangano reAnabaptist. Huwandu hwevanhu vaipinda mumonastery hwakadonha zvakanyanya. Imba yemamongi yakanga yave pedyo nekuparadzwa. Muna 1566 maingova nevapirisita vatatu, vafundisi vatatu nevanin'ina vaviri vaive vasara muimba yemamongi.
Kuti vadzivise pesvedzero dzeLutheran, matunhu munzvimbo iyi akagarwa kubva kumamongi. Melk yaive nzvimbo yedunhu reCounter-Reformation. Kubva pamuenzaniso wezvikoro zvitanhatu zvemaJesuit, muzana remakore rechi12. yakatangwa,
chikoro chekare muAustria, Melker Klosterschule, yakarongwazve. Pashure pemakore mana paChikoro cheMelk, vadzidzi vakaenda kuJesuit College muVienna kwemakore maviri.
Muna 1700 Berthold Dietmayr akasarudzwa abbot. Chinangwa chaDietmayr chaive chekusimbisa kukosha kwechitendero, zvematongerwo enyika uye zvemweya zvemonastery nechivakwa chitsva.
Muna 1702, nguva pfupi Jakob Prandtauer asati afunga kuvaka imba yemamongi, dombo rekutanga rekereke nyowani rakaiswa. Iyo yemukati yakagadzirwa naAntonio Peduzzi, stucco basa naJohan Pöckh uye munyori wemifananidzo Johann Michael Rottmayr iyo sirin'i frescos. Paul Troger akapenda mafrescoes muraibhurari uye muMarble Hall. Christian David anobva kuVienna ndiye aive nebasa rekushongedza. Joseph Munggenast, muzukuru waPrandtauer, akapedza manejimendi ekuvaka mushure mekufa kwaPrandtauer.
Muna 1738 moto mumusha wemamongi wakaparadza chivako chakanga chava kuda kupera.
Pakupedzisira, chechi itsva yemamongi yakavhurwa makore masere gare gare. Monastery organist muMelk ndiye akazova Viennese Cathedral Kapellmeister Johann Georg Albrechtsberger.
Zana remakore rechi18 rakanga riri nguva yendarama maererano nesayenzi nemimhanzi. Nekudaro, nekuda kwekukosha kwayo kuhurumende, hurongwa hwechikoro uye kuchengetwa kwevafundisi, imba yemamongi haina kuvharwa pasi paJoseph II semamwe akawanda emamongi.
Muna 1785 Emperor Joseph II akaisa monastery pasi pehutungamiriri hweMutungamiriri wenyika Abbot. Zvirongwa izvi zvakabviswa mushure mekufa kwaJoseph II.
Muna 1848 imba yemamongi yakarasikirwa nevaridzi vayo, uye mari yemuripo wemari yakagamuchirwa kubva pane iyi yakashandiswa pakunatsiridza kwavose imba yemamongi. Abbot Karl 1875-1909 aive nesimba guru pahupenyu mudunhu. Kindergarten yakatangwa uye monastery yakapa nzvimbo kuguta. Uyezve, padanho raAbbot Karl, miti yemacider yakadyarwa mumigwagwa yemumaruwa, iyo ichiri kuratidza mamiriro enzvimbo nanhasi.
Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, pombi itsva dzemvura uye magetsi emagetsi zvakaiswa. Kuti iwane mari imba yemamongi yakatengesa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, Bhaibheri reGutenberg kuYale University muna 1926.
Mushure mekutorwa kweAustria muna 1938, chikoro chegirama yemamongi chakavharwa neNational Socialists uye chikamu chikuru chechivakwa chemongi chakatorerwa chikoro chesekondari. Imba yemamongi yakapona muhondo uye nguva yakatevera yekugara pasina kukuvadzwa.
Basa rekudzoreredza pachivako chekupinda uye chivanze che prelate, pamwe nekuongororwa kwemaitiro muraibhurari neKolomani Hall, zvaive zvakakosha kuitira kupemberera makore mazana mapfumbamwe eimba yemamongi muna 900 nechiratidziro.
chinyoreso
Iyo yakaoma, yakavakwa zvakafanana muBaroque style naJakob Prandtauer, ine 2 mativi anooneka. Kumabvazuva, musuwo wemuzinda wakatetepa divi rine portal rakapedzwa muna 1718, iro rakakomberedzwa nemabhesheni maviri. Iyo yekumaodzanyemba bastion inhare kubva 1650, yechipiri bastion kudivi rerudyi re portal yakavakwa nekuda kwekuenzana.
Kumadokero tinoona kugadzirwa kwemitambo kubva pafacade yechechi kuenda kubhakoni ine maonero ari kure pamusoro pemupata weDanube uye dzimba dzeguta reMelk pazasi peimba yemamongi.
Pakati, zvivanze zvezvikamu zvakasiyana zvinotevedzana, izvo zvakanangidzirwa kuchechi. Uchiyambuka chivakwa chegedhi unopinda muchivanze chemuchengeti wemagedhi, umo imwe yeshongwe mbiri dzeBabenberg iri kudivi rerudyi. Icho chikamu chemasvingo ekare.
Tinoenderera mberi nemugwagwa uye tave muhoro ine nhurikidzwa mbiri, iyo Benediktihalle, ine fresco yeSt. Benedict padenga.
Kubva pano tinotarisa muchivanze chetrapezoidal prelate. Pakati pechivanze pakamira tsime reKolomani kusvika 1722, iro Abbot Berthold Dietmayr akapa kumusika wedhorobha reMelk. Tsime rinobva kuWaldhausen Abbey rakanyungudutswa ramira panzvimbo yetsime reKolomani pakati pedare revatongi.
Kureruka uye kugadzikana kuwirirana kunoratidzira facade chimiro chezvivakwa zvakapoteredzwa. Mifananidzo yeBaroque pamagedhi epakati naFranz Rosenstingl, inoratidzira hunhu huna hwemakadhinari (mwero, huchenjeri, ushingi, kururamisira), yakatsiviwa muna 1988 nemifananidzo yemazuva ano nevapendi vemazuva ano.
Kaiserstiege, Kaisertrakt uye Museum
Kubva paPrälatenhof tinoenda nepamusoro pekona yekuruboshwe negedhi pamusoro pembiru kuenda kuKaiserstiege, masitepisi akanaka. Yakatsikirirwa muchikamu chezasi, inopetenuka ichikwira ne stucco uye zvivezwa.
Pauriri hwekutanga, iyo 196 m kureba Kaisergang inofamba nepakati pese kumaodzanyemba kumberi kweimba.
Mifananidzo yakapendwa yevatongi vese veAustria, Babenberger naHabsburg, yakaturikwa pamadziro eKaisergang muMelk Abbey. Kubva pano tinopinda mumakamuri emhuri yeumambo, ayo anoshandiswa semongi museum. Iyo "Melker Kreuz", yakapihwa naDuke Rudolf IV, nzvimbo yakakosha yeimwe yepamusoro-soro relics, chidimbu kubva pamuchinjiko waKristu, inongoratidzwa panguva dzakakosha.
colomani monstrance
Imwe pfuma yemamongi ndeyeKolomani monstrance, ine rezasi rushaya rweSt. Koloman, Dar.Pagore pazuva remabiko eSande Koloman, Gumiguru 13, rinoratidzwa pashumiro yekurangarira mutsvene. Zvikasadaro, iyo monstrance yeKolomani inoratidzwa muAbbey Museum yeMelk Abbey, iri mune yaimbova makamuri ehumambo.
Marble Hall
Imba yeMarble, ine nhurikidzwa mbiri dzakakwirira, inobatanidza neImperial Wing semabiko uye imba yekudyira yevaenzi vekunyika. Horo yacho yaipisa nemhepo inopisa kupfurikidza nesimbi yakaroverwa yakanyudzwa muuriri pakati pehoro.
Mufananidzo wakakura wesirin'i wakaitwa naPaul Troger padenga rakadzika dzika muMarble Hall yeMelk Abbey unoshamisa, waakawana nawo mukurumbira wenyika. "Kukunda kwePallas Athene uye kukunda pamusoro pemasimba erima" inoratidza zvimiro zvinoyangarara munzvimbo yekudenga pamusoro peiyo pendi yekunyomba zvivakwa.
raibhurari
Mushure mechechi, raibhurari ndiyo yechipiri yakakosha kamuri mune yeBenedictine monastery uye saka yave iripo kubva pakuvambwa kweMelk monastery.
Iyo Melk Library yakakamurwa kuita makamuri maviri makuru. Mukamuri diki yechipiri, yakavakirwa-mukati masitepisi anoshanda sekuwana kune yakapoterera gallery.
Ceiling fresco naPaul Troger muhombe yemakamuri maviri eraibhurari inogadzira musiyano wepamweya kune sirin'i fresco muMarble Hall yeMelk Abbey. Miti yakasviba ine inlay basa uye inofananidzwa, yunifomu yegoridhe-ruvara yebrown yebhuku spines inosarudza inonakidza, inopindirana ruzivo rwenzvimbo. Pauriri hwepamusoro pane makamuri maviri ekuverenga ane frescoes naJohann Bergl, izvo zvisingasviki kuvanhu. Raibhurari yeMelk Abbey ine zvinyorwa zvinosvika zana nemakumi masere kubva muzana ramakore rechipfumbamwe uye huwandu hwemavhoriyamu angangoita zana.
Chechi yeCollegiate yeSt. Peter uye St. Paul, yakatsaurirwa muna 1746
Nzvimbo yakakwirira yeBaroque monastery complex yeMelk Abbey ichechi yakabatana, chechi ine shongwe ine shongwe mbiri yakavezwa yakamisikidzwa pachechi yeRoma Jesuit Il Gesu.
Tinopinda muhoro ine simba, yakavharirwa mbiya ine dzimba dzokunamatira dzomumativi nemaoratorio uye denga redhiramu rakareba mamita 64. Chikamu chikuru chezvigadziriso uye mazano eiyi chechi yemukati anogona kuteverwa kumashure kuItaly theatre mugadziri Antonio Beduzzi.
Mukati meChechi yeMelk Collegiate, basa reunyanzvi rinoshamisira rinozaruka pamberi pedu. Synergy yezvivakwa, stucco, zvakavezwa, zvivakwa zveatari uye murals dzakashongedzwa neshizha regoridhe, stucco uye marble. Mifananidzo yakanyorwa naJohann Michael Rottmayr, maatari aPaul Troger, purupiti neatari yepamusoro yakagadzirwa naGiuseppe Galli-Bibiena, zvivezwa zvakagadzirwa naLorenzo Mattielli uye zvivezwa naPeter Widerin zvinogadzira chimiro chinokatyamadza chekereke iyi yepamusoro yeBaroque.
Pachikamu chikuru chakavakwa neViennese organ builder Gottfried Sonnholz, chete chitarisiko chekunze chenhengo kubva panguva yayakavakwa muna 1731/32 yakachengetedzwa. Basa chairo rakaregwa muna 1929 mukati mokutendeuka. Nhasi nhengo yakavakwa naGregor-Hradetzky muna 1970.
Bindu nzvimbo
Iyo baroque abbey park ine maonero eiyo baroque gadheni pavilion pauriri hwepasi yakatanga kugadzirwa neruva rebaroque, chirimwa chegirinhi uye matombo ematombo, kubva ku "paradhiso" yebindu pfungwa yenguva yebaroque panguva yayakagadzirwa. Bindu racho rakavakirwa papfungwa yehuzivi-dzidziso yebhaibheri, nhamba inoera 3. Paki inoradzikwa mumataundi matatu ane bheseni remvura, mvura sechiratidzo chehupenyu, pane 3rd terrace. Iyo baroque curved tsime bheseni pauriri hwepasi, pakati peiyo longitudinal axis yebindu uye gadheni pavilion, inoenderana nerambi riri pamusoro pechechi cupola, umo St. Mweya, munhu wechitatu woumwari, anomiririrwa muchimiro chenjiva sechiratidzo choupenyu.
Mushure me1800 pakagadzirwa Chirungu landscape park. Paki iyi yakabva yakura kusvika paki yemamongi yagadziridzwa muna 1995. Iyo "Temberi yeKukudzwa", iyo neo-baroque, sere-mativi akavhurika columned pavilion ine mansard hood pa 3rd terrace ye monastery park, uye chitubu chakadzoserwa, sezvakange zvakaita nzira yekare yenzira. Iyo avenue yemiti yeLinden, imwe yacho inosvika makore mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu, yakasimwa panzvimbo yepamusoro peabbey park. Mazwi ehunyanzvi hwemazuva ano anobatanidza paki neyazvino.
Kuiswa kwe "Benedictus-Weg" kune dingindira rekuti "Benedictus the blessed" sezvirimo. Bindu reparadhiso rakarongwa maererano nemienzaniso yekare kubva kumagadheni emamongi, nemishonga yemishonga nemiti ine mavara akasimba uye inonhuhwirira.
Pazasi pane "Jardin méditerranée" gadheni reMediterranean. Miti yemuBhaibheri yakadai semionde, mizambiringa, muchindwe uye muapuro zvinosimwa mberi munzira.
Bindu pavilion
Iyo baroque gadheni pavilion pauriri hwepasi peabbey park inobata maziso.
Muna 1747/48 Franz Munggenast akavaka gadheni pavilion yevaprista senzvimbo yekuzorora mushure menguva dzakasimba dzeLent. Mishonga yaishandiswa panguva iyoyo, yakadai sokubuda ropa uye kurapa kwakasiyana-siyana kwokubvisa chepfu, yaida kusimbaradzwa pashure. Mamongi akakamurwa kuita mapoka maviri, rimwe raienderera mberi nehupenyu hwemazuva ose hwemamongi asi mumwe achibvumidzwa kuzorora.
Mifananidzo yakaitwa naJohann W. Bergl, mudzidzi waPaul Troger uye shamwari yaFranz Anton Maulbertsch, inoratidza mafungiro ekufungidzira e-baroque kuhupenyu, akapenda mamiriro eparadhiso, sekusiyana nekuzvinyima kwehupenyu hwemamongi. Dingindira remafrescoes pamusoro pemahwindo nemagonhi muhoro hombe yepavilion ndiyo nyika yemanzwiro. Putti inomiririra pfungwa shanu, semuenzaniso pfungwa yekuravira, iyo inonyanya kukosha pfungwa, inomiririrwa kaviri, sekunwa kumaodzanyemba uye kudya kuchamhembe.
Zuva rinopenya pakati pedenga fresco, denga rekudenga, uye pamusoro payo tinoona arc yezodiac ine zviratidzo zvemwedzi zvemwaka wechirimo, zhizha uye matsutso.
Pamicheto yedenga fresco padenga rakapendwa, makondinendi mana anozivikanwa panguva iyoyo anoratidzwa: Europe kuchamhembe, Asia kumabvazuva, Africa kumaodzanyemba neAmerica kumadokero. Exotic zvimiro zvinogona kuoneka mune mamwe makamuri, sekuwanikwa kweAmerica mukamuri yekumabvazuva. Mifananidzo yengirozi dzichitamba makadhi kana ngirozi dzine mabhidhiyoni anoratidza kuti imba iyi yaishandiswa seimba yekubhejera.
Mumwedzi yezhizha, horo huru yebindu pavilion paMelk Abbey inoshandiswa sedanho remakonzati paInternational Baroque Days paPendekosti kana makonzati echirimo muna Nyamavhuvhu.
Melk Abbey nepaki yayo inogadzira inowirirana kuburikidza nekudyidzana kwemazinga emweya nemasikirwo.