Melk Abbey
imbali
Isikhumbuzo saseBenedictine Abbey saseMelk, esibonakala kude, sibengezela tyheli ngokuqaqambileyo kwingxondorha ethambekele emantla ukuya kuMlambo iMelk kunye neDanube. Njengenye yezona ndawo zintle kwaye zinkulu ezidityanisiweyo ze-baroque eYurophu, siSiza seLifa leMveli le-UNESCO.
I-831 indawo ikhankanywe njengeMedilica (= umlambo womda) kwaye yayibalulekile njengezithethe zasebukhosini kunye nesithili senqaba.
Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-10, uMlawuli woyisa uLeopold I waseBabenberg ngomtya omxinwa ecaleni kweDanube, kunye nenqaba, indawo yokuhlala enqatyisiweyo, phakathi.
Imibhalo-ngqangi ekwiThala leencwadi laseAbbey laseMelk ibhekisa kuluntu lwababingeleli abasele bephantsi kukaMargrave Leopold I. Ngokwandiswa kobukhosi ngasempuma ukuya eTulln, eKlosterneuburg naseVienna, iMelker Burg yalahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwayo. Kodwa iMelk yasebenza njengendawo yokungcwaba iBabenbergs nanjengendawo yokungcwaba iSt. Koloman, ungcwele wokuqala welizwe.
UMargrave Leopold II wayenekhaya loonongendi elakhiwe phezu kwelitye elingasentla kwedolophu, apho iimonki zaseBenedictine zaseLambach Abbey zafudukela kuyo ngo-1089. ULeopold III watshintshelwa kwiiBenedictines kwinqaba yaseBabenberg, kunye nemihlaba kunye namarhamente kunye nelali yaseMelk.
Ekubeni i-monastery yasekwa yi-margrave, yasuswa kulawulo lwedayosisi yasePassau ngo-1122 kwaye yabekwa phantsi kwePope.
Kuze kube yinkulungwane ye-13 I-Melker Stift iye yafumana ukunyuka kwenkcubeko, ubukrelekrele kunye noqoqosho kwaye isikolo semonki sibhalwe kwimibhalo-ngqangi kwange-1160.
Umlilo omkhulu watshabalalisa ukuphela kwenkulungwane ye-13. I-Monastery, icawa kunye nazo zonke izakhiwo ezingaphandle. Uqeqesho lweemonki kunye neziseko zezoqoqosho zagungqiswa sisibetho nezivuno ezimbi. Ukugxekwa kokungahoywa kweemonki kunye nokuxhatshazwa okunxulumene noko kwiimonki kubangele uhlaziyo olwagqitywa ngo-1414 kwiBhunga laseConstance. Ukulandela umzekelo wendlu yeemonki yase-Italiya i-Subiaco, zonke iimonki zase-Benedictine kufuneka zisekelwe kwiinjongo zoMthetho ka-Benedict. Umbindi wolu hlaziyo yayinguMelk.
U-Nikolaus Seyringer, u-abbot we-Italian Benedictine monastery e-Subiaco kunye nomphathi wangaphambili weYunivesithi yaseVienna, wafakwa njenge-abbot kwi-monastery yaseMelk ukuphumeza "uhlaziyo lweMelk". Ngaphantsi kwakhe, uMelk waba ngumzekelo woqeqesho olungqongqo lwemonki kwaye, ngokunxulumene neYunivesithi yaseVienna, iziko lenkcubeko ngenkulungwane ye-15.
Isibini esithathwini semibhalo-ngqangi yeMelk esasekho ukuza kuthi ga ngoku sisusela kweli xesha.
Ixesha loHlaziyo
AmaNobles adibana neLutheran kwiiDiets. Kwakhona njengembonakaliso yokuchasa kwawo ngokwezobupolitika amagunya awongamileyo, inkoliso yezidwangube yaguqukela kubuProtestanti. Abalimi nabemi bemarike batyekele ekuphethukeleni kwiingcamango zeqela lama-Anabaptist. Inani labantu abangena kwikhaya loonongendi lehle kakhulu. Ikhaya loonongendi lalikwicala lokubhangiswa. Ngo-1566 kwakukho abefundisi abathathu kuphela, abefundisi abathathu kunye namarhamente amabini awayesele kwikhaya loonongendi.
Ukuze kuthintelwe iimpembelelo zamaLuthere, amarhamente aloo mmandla ayehlala kwindlu yoonongendi. IMelk yayiliziko lengingqi le-Counter-Reformation. Ngokusekelwe kumzekelo wezikolo zamaJesuit eziziiklasi ezintandathu, ngenkulungwane ye-12. yasekwa,
esona sikolo sidala eOstriya, iMelker Klosterschule, sahlengahlengiswa. Emva kweminyaka emine kwiSikolo saseMelk, abafundi baya kwiKholeji yamaJesuit eVienna iminyaka emibini.
Ngo-1700 uBerthold Dietmayr wonyulwa njengomongameli. Injongo kaDietmayr yayikukugxininisa ukubaluleka kwenkolo, kwezopolitiko kunye nokomoya kwekhaya leemonki ngesakhiwo esitsha.
Ngo-1702, ngaphambi nje kokuba uJakob Prandtauer athathe isigqibo sokwakha indlu yeemonki entsha, kwabekwa ilitye lesiseko secawa entsha. Ingaphakathi laliyilwe nguAntonio Peduzzi, umsebenzi we-stucco nguJohan Pöckh kunye nomzobi uJohann Michael Rottmayr i-ceiling frescos. UPaul Troger wapeyinta imifanekiso kwithala leencwadi nakwiHolo yeMarble. UChristian David waseVienna wayenoxanduva lokuhombisa. UJoseph Munggenast, umtshana kaPrandtauer, wagqiba ulawulo lokwakha emva kokufa kukaPrandtauer.
Ngowe-1738 kwabakho umlilo kwikhaya loonongendi watshabalalisa eso sakhiwo sasiphantse sagqitywa.
Ekugqibeleni, icawa entsha yeemonki yasungulwa kwiminyaka eyi-8 kamva. Ilungu leMonastery eMelk yaba yiCathedral yaseViennese kamva iKapellmeister uJohann Georg Albrechtsberger.
Inkulungwane ye-18 yayiyeyona minyaka ibalaseleyo ngokwenzululwazi nomculo. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokubaluleka kwayo kurhulumente, inkqubo yesikolo kunye nokunyamekela, i-monastery ayizange ivalwe phantsi kukaJoseph II njengamanye ama-monasteries amaninzi.
Ngowe-1785 uMlawuli uJoseph II wabeka ikhaya loonongendi phantsi kobunkokeli beNkumanda yelizwe uAbbot. La malungiselelo arhoxiswa emva kokufa kukaJoseph II.
Ngowe-1848 umzi woonongendi waphulukana nokuba ngabanini-mhlaba, yaye imali yembuyekezo yemali eyafunyanwa koku yasetyenziselwa ukulungiswa ngokubanzi kwendawo yoonongendi. U-Abbot Karl 1875-1909 waba nempembelelo enkulu kubomi kulo mmandla. Kwasekwa i-kindergarten kwaye indlu yeemonki yanikela ngomhlaba kwisixeko. Ngaphaya koko, kwinyathelo lika-Abbot Karl, imithi ye-cider yatyalwa ecaleni kwendlela yasemaphandleni, nesabonakalisa ubume bomhlaba nanamhla.
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, kwafakwa imijelo ehambisa amanzi amdaka, imibhobho emitsha yamanzi kunye nezibane zombane. Ukuze kufumaneke imali eli khaya loonongendi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, iBhayibhile kaGutenberg yathengisa kwiYunivesithi yaseYale ngowe-1926.
Emva kokufakwa kwe-Austria ngo-1938, isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo soonongendi savalwa ngamaSoshiyali kaZwelonke kwaye inxalenye enkulu yesakhiwo soonongendi yathinjwa isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo sikarhulumente. I-monastery yasinda kwimfazwe kunye nexesha elalandelayo lokuhlala ngaphandle komonakalo.
Umsebenzi wokubuyisela kwisakhiwo sokungena kunye nentendelezo yomfundisi, kunye nohlalutyo lwesakhiwo kwithala leencwadi kunye neHolo yaseKolomani, beluyimfuneko ukuze kubhiyozelwe isikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-900 yekhaya loonongendi ngo-1989 ngomboniso.
ipeni
I-complex, eyakhiwe ngokufanayo kwisitayela seBaroque nguJakob Prandtauer, inamacala angama-2 abonakalayo. Empuma, indawo yokungena yendlu emxinwa enesango eligqitywe ngo-1718, elijikelezwe zizitena ezimbini. I-bastion esemazantsi yinqaba esuka kwi-1650, isiseko sesibini kwicala lasekunene le-portal sakhiwe ngenxa ye-symmetry.
Ngasentshona sifumana imveliso yethiyetha ukusuka kwi-facade yecawa ukuya kwi-balcony kunye nembono ekude phezu kwentlambo yaseDanube kunye nezindlu zesixeko saseMelk emazantsi e-monastery.
Phakathi, iintendelezo zemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo zilandela enye kwenye, ezijoliswe ngasecaweni. Ukuwela isakhiwo sesango ungena kwiyadi yomgcini-sango, apho enye yeenqaba ezimbini zaseBabenberg ibekwe kwicala lasekunene. Iyinxalenye yenqaba endala.
Siqhubekeka kwindlela yearch kwaye ngoku sikwiholo enemigangatho emibini eqaqambileyo, iBenediktihalle, enefresco yaseSt. Benedict phezu kwesilingi.
Ukusuka apha sijonge kwintendelezo yetrapezoidal prelate. Embindini wentendelezo kwakumi umthombo weKolomani de kwangowe-1722, awathi uAbbot Berthold Dietmayr wayinika idolophu yemarike yaseMelk. Umthombo osuka kwi-Waldhausen Abbey enyityilisiweyo ngoku umi endaweni yomthombo we-Kolomani embindini wenkundla yababingeleli.
Ukulula kunye nokuzola ukuvumelana kubonisa isakhiwo se-facade yezakhiwo ezijikelezileyo. Imizobo yeBaroque kwiigayibhile ezisembindini nguFranz Rosenstingl, ebonisa iimpawu ezine ezibalaseleyo (ukumodareyitha, ubulumko, ubugorha, ubulungisa), yathatyathelw’ indawo ngowe-1988 yimizobo yale mihla ngabazobi bale mihla.
Kaiserstiege, Kaisertrakt kunye neMyuziyam
Ukusuka ePrälatenhof sidlula kwikona engasemva ekhohlo ngesango phezu kwevaranda ukuya eKaiserstiege, izinyuko ezintle. Ixinene kwindawo engezantsi, ityhila phezulu kunye ne-stucco kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo.
Kumgangatho wokuqala, i-196 m ubude iKaisergang ihamba phantse kuwo wonke umphambili wendlu.
Imizobo yemifanekiso yabo bonke abalawuli baseOstriya, uBabenberger noHabsburg, ixhonywe kwiindonga zeKaisergang eMelk Abbey. Ukusuka apha singena kumagumbi osapho lwasebukhosini, asetyenziswa njengemyuziyam yeemonki. "I-Melker Kreuz", enikezelwe nguDuke Rudolf IV, indawo exabisekileyo yesinye sezona zinto ziphezulu, i-particle evela kumnqamlezo kaKristu, iboniswa kuphela ngezihlandlo ezikhethekileyo.
ikolomani monstrance
Obunye ubuncwane be-monastery yi-monstrance yaseKolomani, kunye nomhlathi ongezantsi weSt. Koloman, eDar.Minyaka le ngosuku lomthendeleko kaSaint Koloman, ngo-Oktobha 13, iboniswa kwinkonzo yokukhumbula ongcwele. Ngaphandle koko, i-monstrance yaseKolomani iboniswe kwiMyuziyam yaseAbbey yaseMelk Abbey, ekhoyo kumagumbi angaphambili.
IHolo yeMarble
Iholo yeMarble, imigangatho emibini ukuphakama, iqhagamshela kwiPhiko loBukhosi njengesidlo kunye neholo yokutyela yeendwendwe zehlabathi. Iholo yayifudunyezwa ngumoya oshushu ngokusebenzisa intsimbi eyenziweyo ebekwe kumgangatho ophakathi eholweni.
Umzobo wesilingi omkhulu owenziwa nguPaul Troger kwisilingi ethe tyaba ethe tyaba kwiHolo yeMarble yaseMelk Abbey uyancomeka, awathi wazuza ngawo udumo lwesizwe. "Uloyiso lwePallas Athene kunye noloyiso kumagunya amnyama" libonisa imifanekiso edadayo kwindawo yasezulwini ngaphezulu koyilo olupeyintiweyo oluhlekisayo.
ilayibrari
Emva kwecawe, ithala leencwadi lelona gumbi lesibini libaluleke kakhulu kwikhaya leemonki laseBenedictine kwaye liye labakho ukusukela ekusekweni koonongendi baseMelk.
Ithala leencwadi laseMelk lahlulwe yangamagumbi amabini aphambili. Kwigumbi lesibini elincinci, i-staircase eyakhelwe ngaphakathi isebenza njengokufikelela kwigalari ejikelezileyo.
Isilingi ifresco kaPaul Troger kumagumbi amakhulu amabini ethala leencwadi yenza umahluko womoya kwisilingi fresco kwiHolo yeMarble yaseMelk Abbey. Amaplanga amnyama anomsebenzi we-inlay kunye nokuhambelana, umbala ofanayo wegolide-brown wencwadi spines umisela amava achukumisayo, ahambelanayo ngendawo. Kumgangatho ongaphezulu kukho amagumbi okufundela amabini aneefrescoes zikaJohann Bergl, ezingenakufikeleleka kuluntu. Ithala leencwadi laseMelk Abbey liqulethe malunga nemibhalo-ngqangi ye-1800 ukususela kwinkulungwane ye-9 kunye ne-100.000 yevolumu epheleleyo.
Icawa yeCollegiate yaseSt. UPetros kunye noSt. UPaul, owanikezelwa ngowe-1746
Indawo ephakamileyo ye-baroque monastery complex yaseMelk Abbey yicawa ehlangeneyo, icawa ephakamileyo enomgangatho ophindwe kabini owenziwe kwicawe yamaJesuit i-Il Gesu.
Singena kwiholo eyomeleleyo, enemigqomo eneendawo zokukhonzela ezisecaleni kunye nee-oratorio kunye nedome legubu eliziimitha ezingama-64 ukuphakama. Inxalenye enkulu yoyilo kunye neengcebiso zale ndawo yangaphakathi yecawe inokulandwa umva kumakhi wethiyetha wase-Itali u-Antonio Beduzzi.
Ngaphakathi kweCawa yaseMelk Collegiate, umsebenzi wobugcisa obalaseleyo uvula phambi kwethu. I-synergy yoyilo, istucco, imizobo, izakhiwo zesibingelelo kunye nemizobo eseludongeni ehonjiswe ngegqabi legolide, istucco kunye nebhastile. Imifanekiso ekroliweyo kaJohann Michael Rottmayr, izibingelelo zikaPaul Troger, ipulpiti kunye nesibingelelo esiphakamileyo esiyilwe nguGiuseppe Galli-Bibiena, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo eyilwe nguLorenzo Mattielli kunye nemifanekiso eqingqwe nguPeter Widerin idala umbono omangalisayo wale cawa iphakamileyo yeBaroque.
Kwilungu elikhulu elakhiwe ngumakhi we-Viennese uGottfried Sonnholz, kuphela imbonakalo yangaphandle yelungu ukusuka kwixesha elakhiwa ngayo ngo-1731/32 ligcinwe. Owona msebenzi wayekwa ngowe-1929 ebudeni boguqulo. I-organ yanamhlanje yakhiwa nguGregor-Hradetzky ngo-1970.
Indawo yegadi
Ipaki ye-abbey ye-baroque enombono we-baroque garden pavilion kumgangatho ophantsi yayiyilwe ngentyatyambo ye-baroque, isityalo esiluhlaza kunye nemihlobiso yegrabile, ukusuka kwingcamango yegadi "yeparadesi" yexesha le-baroque ngexesha lokudalwa kwayo. Umyezo usekelwe kwingcamango yefilosofi-yakwalizwi, inani elingcwele lesi-3. Ipaki ibekwe kwiindawo ezi-3 kunye nesitya samanzi, amanzi njengesimboli sobomi, kwi-3rd terrace. I-baroque egobileyo yomthombo kumgangatho ophantsi, embindini we-axis yobude begadi kunye ne-pavilion yegadi, ihambelana nesibane esingentla kwe-cupola yecawa, apho iSt. UMoya, umntu wesithathu wobuthixo, umelwe kwimo yehobe njengomfuziselo wobomi.
Emva kwe-1800 kwayilwa ipaki ye-English landscape. Emva koko le paki yakhula de yalungiswa ngokutsha ipaki ngo-1995. "Itempile yoHlonipheko", i-neo-baroque, inkundla evulekileyo enamacala asibhozo evulekileyo ene-mansard hood kwi-3rd terrace yepaki yeemonki, kunye nomthombo wabuyiselwa, njengoko yayinjalo inkqubo yakudala yeendlela. I-avenue yemithi ye-linden, eminye yayo emalunga neminyaka engama-250 ubudala, ityalwe kweyona ndawo iphakamileyo yepaki ye-abbey. Ii-accents zobugcisa bexesha langoku zidibanisa ipaki kunye nexesha langoku.
Ukufakwa kwe "Benedictus-Weg" kunomxholo othi "Benedictus osikelelekileyo" njengomxholo wayo. Umyezo weparadesi wawubekwe ngokwemizekelo yakudala evela kwiigadi zeemonki, kunye nezityalo zonyango kunye nezityalo ezinemibala enamandla kunye nevumba elimnandi.
Ngezantsi kukho i-"Jardin méditerranée" igadi engaqhelekanga, yeMeditera. Izityalo ekuthethwa ngazo eBhayibhileni njengemikhiwane, imidiliya, umthi wesundu nomthi wama-apile zityalwa ecaleni kwendlela.
Inkundla yegadi
I-pavilion yegadi ye-baroque kumgangatho ophantsi wepaki ye-abbey yinto ekhangayo.
Ngo-1747/48 uFranz Munggenast wakhela ababingeleli indawo yokuphumla yasegadini njengendawo yokuphumla emva kwamaxesha angqongqo eLente. Unyango olwalusetyenziswa ngelo xesha, njengokuchasa igazi neentlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zokunyanga ubutyhefu, lwalufuna ukomelezwa emva koko. Iimonki zahlulahlulwe zangamaqela amabini, elinye laqhubeka nobomi obuqhelekileyo bemonki ngelixa elinye lavunyelwa ukuba liphumle.
Imizobo kaJohann W. Bergl, umfundi kaPaul Troger kunye nomhlobo kaFranz Anton Maulbertsch, ubonisa isimo sengqondo esicingayo se-baroque ebomini, upende iimeko zeparadesi, njengento eyahlukileyo kwi-asceticism yobomi be-monastic. Umxholo weefrescoes ngaphezulu kweefestile kunye neengcango kwiholo enkulu ye-pavilion lihlabathi leemvakalelo. I-Putti imele imizwa emihlanu, umzekelo ingqiqo yokunambitha, eyona nto ibalulekileyo, imelwe kabini, njengokusela emazantsi kunye nokutya emantla.
Ilanga likhanya embindini wefresco yesilingi, uphahla lwezulu, kwaye ngaphezu kwayo sibona i-arc ye-zodiac eneempawu zenyanga zamaxesha entwasahlobo, ehlobo nasekwindla.
Emaphethelweni e-plailing fresco kwi-attic epeyintiweyo, amazwekazi amane awaziwa ngelo xesha abonisiwe: iYurophu emantla, i-Asia empuma, i-Afrika emazantsi kunye neMelika entshonalanga. Imiboniso engaqhelekanga inokubonwa kwamanye amagumbi, njengokufunyanwa kweMelika kwigumbi lasempuma. Imifanekiso yeengelosi ezidlala amakhadi okanye iingelosi ezinebhiliyoni ezibonisa ukuba eli gumbi lalisetyenziswa njengendawo yokungcakaza.
Ngexesha leenyanga zasehlotyeni, iholo eliphambili lepavilion yegadi eMelk Abbey isetyenziswa njengeqonga leekonsathi kwiiNtsuku zeBaroque zaMazwe ngaMazwe ngePentekosti okanye kwiikonsathi zasehlotyeni ngo-Agasti.
I-Melk Abbey kunye nepaki yayo yenza yonke into ehambelanayo ngokusebenzisana kwamanqanaba okomoya kunye nendalo.