I-Melk Abbey
umlando
Isikhumbuzo saseBenedictine Abbey saseMelk, esibonakala kude, sicwebezela ngokuphuzi ngokugqamile eweni elehlela enyakatho ngaseMfuleni iMelk kanye naseDanube. Njengenye yezindawo ezinhle kakhulu nezinkulu ezihlangene ze-baroque eYurophu, iyiNdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba ye-UNESCO.
831 indawo ibizwa ngokuthi iMedilica (= umfula osemngceleni) futhi yayibalulekile njengendawo yamasiko nenqaba yasebukhosini.
Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-10, uMbusi wacasula uLeopold I waseBabenberg ngomcu owumngcingo ngaseDanube, nenqaba, indawo yokuhlala enezivikelo eziqinile, phakathi.
Imibhalo yesandla e-Abbey Library yaseMelk ibhekisela emphakathini wabapristi kakade ngaphansi kukaMargrave Leopold I. Ngokunwetshwa kombuso ngasempumalanga ukuya eTulln, Klosterneuburg naseVienna, iMelker Burg yalahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwayo. Kodwa iMelk yasebenza njengendawo yokungcwaba abakwaBabenberg nanjengendawo yokungcwaba yaseSt. Koloman, usanta wokuqala wezwe.
UMargrave Leopold II wayenendlu yezindela eyakhiwe edwaleni elingaphezu kwedolobha, lapho izindela zaseBenedictine zaseLambach Abbey zangena kuyo ngo-1089. ULeopold III yadluliselwa kumaBenedictines inqaba yaseBabenberg, kanye nezigodi nezigodi kanye nedolobhana laseMelk.
Njengoba lesi sigodlo sasungulwa yi-margrave, sasuswa endaweni yesifunda-bhishobhi sasePassau ngo-1122 futhi safakwa ngaphansi kukaPapa.
Kuze kube sekhulwini le-13 I-Melker Stift ihlangabezane nokuthuthuka kwamasiko, ubuhlakani kanye nomnotho futhi isikole sezindela sibhalwe emibhalweni yesandla kusukela ngo-1160.
Umlilo omkhulu wabhubhisa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-13. Monastery, isonto kanye nazo zonke izakhiwo ezingaphandle. Isiyalo sezindela kanye nezisekelo zezomnotho zanyakaziswa umqedazwe nesivuno esibi. Ukugxekwa kokubandlululwa kwezindela kanye nokuhlukunyezwa okuhlobene ezindlini zezindela kwaholela ekuguqulweni okunqunywe ngo-1414 eMkhandlwini WaseConstance. Ngokulandela isibonelo sesigodlo sezindela sase-Italy i-Subiaco, zonke izindela zaseBenedictine kufanele zisekelwe emibonweni yoMthetho kaBenedict. Isikhungo salokhu kuvuselelwa kwakunguMelk.
U-Nikolaus Seyringer, u-abbot wesigodlo sezindela sase-Italian Benedictine e-Subiaco kanye nomphathi wangaphambili we-University of Vienna, wafakwa njengo-abbot esigodlweni sezindela saseMelk ukuze asebenzise "i-Melk reform". Ngaphansi kwakhe, uMelk waba imodeli yesiyalo esiqinile sezindela futhi, maqondana neNyuvesi yaseVienna, isikhungo samasiko ngekhulu le-15.
Izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zemibhalo yesandla ye-Melk eye yasinda kuze kube namuhla isukela kulesi sikhathi.
Isikhathi senguquko
Izicukuthwane zahlangana nenkolo yamaLuthela kumaDiets. Futhi njengendlela yokubonisa ukumelana kwabo namakhosi abo kwezombangazwe, iningi lezikhulu laguqukela ebuProthestani. Abalimi nezakhamuzi zasemakethe babevame ukuphendukela emibonweni yenhlangano yama-Anabaptist. Isibalo sabantu abangena esigodlweni sehle kakhulu. Isigodlo sezindela sase sisonqenqemeni lokuhlakazwa. Ngo-1566 kwakunabapristi abathathu kuphela, abefundisi abathathu kanye nabazalwane ababili abavamile ababesele esigodlweni sezindela.
Ukuze kuvinjwe amathonya amaLuthela, amakholwa akuleyo ndawo ayehlala esigodlweni sezindela. IMelk yayiyisikhungo sesifunda se-Counter-Reformation. Ngokusekelwe kumodeli yezikole zamaJesuit ezinamakilasi ayisithupha, ekhulwini le-12. yasungulwa,
Isikole esidala kunazo zonke e-Austria, iMelker Klosterschule, sahlelwa kabusha. Ngemva kweminyaka emine beseSikoleni saseMelk, abafundi baya eKolishi lamaJesuit eVienna iminyaka emibili.
Ngo-1700 u-Berthold Dietmayr wakhethwa njengo-abbot. Umgomo kaDietmayr bekuwukugcizelela ukubaluleka kwezenkolo, ezombangazwe nezingokomoya zesigodlo esinesakhiwo esisha.
Ngo-1702, ngaphambi nje kokuba uJakob Prandtauer anqume ukwakha indlu yezindela entsha, kwabekwa itshe lesisekelo sesonto elisha. Ingaphakathi laklanywa ngu-Antonio Peduzzi, umsebenzi we-stucco owenziwe ngu-Johan Pöckh kanye nomdwebi u-Johann Michael Rottmayr i-ceiling frescos. UPaul Troger wapenda imidwebo emtatsheni wezincwadi kanye naseHholo LeMarble. UChristian David waseVienna nguyena owayebhekelele ukugida. UJoseph Munggenast, umshana kaPrandtauer, waqeda ukuphatha umsebenzi wokwakha ngemva kokushona kukaPrandtauer.
Ngo-1738 umlilo endlini yezindela wacekela phansi isakhiwo esicishe saqedwa.
Ekugcineni, isonto elisha lezindela lavulwa eminyakeni engu-8 kamuva. I-Monastery oganist eMelk kwaba yi-Viennese Cathedral Kapellmeister kamuva uJohann Georg Albrechtsberger.
Ikhulu le-18 kwakuyinkathi yegolide ngokwesayensi nomculo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokubaluleka kwayo kuhulumeni, ohlelweni lwesikole nokunakekelwa kwabelusi, indlu yezindela ayizange ivalwe ngaphansi kukaJoseph II njengamanye ama-monasteries amaningi.
Ngo-1785 uMbusi uJoseph II wabeka isigodlo ngaphansi kobuholi boMkhuzi wombuso u-Abbot. Lezi zinhlinzeko zahoxiswa ngemva kokufa kukaJoseph II.
Ngo-1848 isigodlo sezindela salahlekelwa ubunikazi baso, futhi imali yesinxephezelo sezimali eyatholwa kulokhu yasetshenziselwa ukulungiswa okujwayelekile kwesigodlo. U-Abbot Karl 1875-1909 waba nethonya elikhulu empilweni esifundeni. Kwamiswa inkulisa futhi isigodlo sanikela ngomhlaba edolobheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngohlelo luka-Abbot Karl, izihlahla ze-cider zatshalwa emigwaqweni yasemaphandleni, esazichaza isimo sendawo nanamuhla.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kwafakwa indle, amapayipi amanzi amasha nezibani zikagesi. Ukuze kuxhaswe isigodlo sezindela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, iBhayibheli likaGutenberg lathengiswa eNyuvesi yaseYale ngo-1926.
Ngemuva kokuthathwa kwe-Austria ngo-1938, isikole samabanga aphezulu sezindela savalwa yiNational Socialists kwathi ingxenye enkulu yesakhiwo sezindela yaphucwa isikole samabanga aphezulu sikahulumeni. Isigodlo sasinda empini kanye nesikhathi esalandela sokuhlala ngaphandle komonakalo.
Umsebenzi wokubuyisela esakhiweni sokungena kanye negceke lombhishobhi, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo kumtapo wolwazi kanye nehholo laseKolomani, kwakudingeka ukuze kugujwe iminyaka engu-900 yesigodlo sezindela ngo-1989 ngombukiso.
ipeni
I-complex, eyakhiwe ngokufanayo ngesitayela se-Baroque ngu-Jakob Prandtauer, inezinhlangothi ezi-2 ezibonakalayo. Empumalanga, isango eliyisigodlo eliwumngcingo elinengosi eyaqedwa ngo-1718, ezungezwe izisekelo ezimbili. I-southern bastion iyinqaba kusukela ngo-1650, isisekelo sesibili esingakwesokudla se-portal sakhiwe ngenxa yokulinganisa.
Ngasentshonalanga sibona ukukhiqizwa kweshashalazi kusukela ku-facade yesonto kuya kuvulandi enombono oqhelile phezu kwesigodi saseDanube kanye nezindlu zedolobha laseMelk ngaphansi kwesigodlo sezindela.
Phakathi, amagceke anobukhulu obuhlukene ayalandelana, aqondiswe esontweni. Unqamula isakhiwo sesango ungena egcekeni lomlindisango, lapho omunye wemibhoshongo emibili yaseBabenberg etholakala ngakwesokudla. Iyingxenye yesakhiwo esidala.
Siqhubeka nomgwaqo omkhulu futhi manje sisehholo elikhanyayo elinezitezi ezimbili, i-Benediktihalle, elinomfanekiso oqoshiwe waseSt. Benedict ophahleni.
Kusuka lapha sibheka igceke le-trapezoidal prelate. Maphakathi negceke kwakumi umthombo weKolomani kwaze kwaba ngu-1722, u-Abbot Berthold Dietmayr awunikeza idolobha lemakethe laseMelk. Umthombo ovela e-Waldhausen Abbey encibilikile manje umi esikhundleni somthombo we-Kolomani phakathi nenkantolo yombhishobhi.
Ukulula nokuvumelana okuzolile kubonisa isakhiwo se-facade sezakhiwo ezizungezile. Imidwebo ye-baroque emagalaji amaphakathi kaFranz Rosenstingl, ebonisa izici ezinhle eziyinhloko (ukulinganisela, ukuhlakanipha, isibindi, ubulungisa), yathathelwa indawo ngo-1988 yizithombe zesimanje zabadwebi besimanje.
Kaiserstiege, Kaisertrakt kanye Museum
Sisuka ePrälatenhof sidlula ekhoneni elingemuva kwesokunxele ngesango phezu kompheme ukuya eKaiserstiege, izitebhisi ezinhle. Iminyene engxenyeni engezansi, ivuleleka phezulu nge-stucco nemifanekiso.
Esitezi sokuqala, iKaisergang engamamitha angu-196 ubude idlula cishe yonke indawo engaphambili eseningizimu yendlu.
Imidwebo yezithombe zabo bonke ababusi base-Austrian, u-Babenberger no-Habsburg, ilengiswe ezindongeni ze-Kaisergang e-Melk Abbey. Kusuka lapha singena emakamelweni omndeni wasebukhosini, asetshenziswa njengemnyuziyamu yezindela. I-"Melker Kreuz", enikelwe u-Duke Rudolf IV, isilungiselelo esibalulekile senye yezinsalela ezisezingeni eliphezulu, ingxenyana yesiphambano sikaKristu, ikhonjiswa kuphela ngezikhathi ezikhethekile.
i-colomani monstrance
Enye ingcebo yesigodlo sezindela iKolomani monstrance, enomhlathi ongezansi weSt. Koloman, Dar. Minyaka yonke ngosuku lomkhosi kaSaint Koloman, Okthoba 13, ikhonjiswa enkonzweni yokukhumbula ongcwele. Uma kungenjalo, i-monstrance yase-Kolomani iboniswa e-Abbey Museum yaseMelk Abbey, etholakala emakamelweni ombuso wangaphambili.
I-Marble Hall
I-Marble Hall, enezitezi ezimbili ukuphakama, ixhumeka kwi-Imperial Wing njengendawo yedili nehholo lokudlela lezivakashi zezwe. Ihholo belishiswa umoya oshisayo ngensimbi egayiwe efakwe phansi phakathi nehholo.
Umdwebo oyingqopha-mlando ka-Paul Troger ophahleni oluyisicaba olugobe kakhulu e-Marble Hall yaseMelk Abbey uyahlaba umxhwele, azuza ngawo udumo kazwelonke. "Ukunqoba kuka-Pallas Athene nokunqoba amandla amnyama" kubonisa izibalo ezintanta endaweni yasezulwini ngenhla kwezakhiwo eziyinhlekisa ezipendiwe.
umtapo
Ngemva kwesonto, umtapo wolwazi uyigumbi lesibili elibaluleke kakhulu esigodlweni sezindela saseBenedictine futhi ngenxa yalokho ubulokhu ukhona kusukela ekusungulweni kwesigodlo sezindela saseMelk.
I-Melk Library ihlukaniswe ngamakamelo amabili amakhulu. Egunjini lesibili elincane, izitebhisi ezivunguzayo ezakhelwe ngaphakathi zisebenza njengokufinyelela kugalari ezungezile.
Uphahla olufakwe ophahleni luka-Paul Troger emakamelweni amakhulu kulawa amabili omtapo wolwazi lwakha umehluko ongokomoya ku-fresco osilingi eMarble Hall yaseMelk Abbey. Ukhuni olumnyama olunomsebenzi ofakwayo kanye nokuhambisanayo, umbala onsundu ngokusagolide we-spines yencwadi inquma umuzwa ohlaba umxhwele, ovumelanayo wendawo. Esitezi esiphezulu kunamakamelo okufunda amabili anezithombe eziqoshiwe zika-Johann Bergl, ezingafinyeleleki emphakathini. Umtapo wolwazi waseMelk Abbey uqukethe cishe imibhalo yesandla eyi-1800 kusukela ngekhulu lesi-9 kanye nesamba semiqulu eyi-100.000.
I-Collegiate Church yaseSt. Peter kanye St. Paul, yanikezelwa ngo-1746
Indawo ephakeme yesigodlo sezindela se-baroque sase-Melk Abbey yisonto elihlangene, isonto elibuswayo eliwumbhoshongo eline-facade enemibhoshongo emibili elimodeli yesonto lamaRoma lamaJesuit i-Il Gesu.
Singena ehholo elikhulu, elivalwe ngemigqomo elinama-chapel asemaceleni nama-oratorio kanye ne-dome yesigubhu ephakeme ngamamitha angu-64. Ingxenye enkulu yemiklamo neziphakamiso zaleli sonto elingaphakathi zingalandelelwa emuva kumakhi wetiyetha wase-Italy u-Antonio Beduzzi.
Ngaphakathi kweSonto Lama-Melk Collegiate, kuvuleka umsebenzi wobuciko wokugabadela, we-baroque phambi kwethu. I-synergy yezakhiwo, i-stucco, imidwebo, izakhiwo ze-altare nemifanekiso ehlotshiswe ngeqabunga legolide, i-stucco ne-marble. Imifanekiso eqoshiwe ka-Johann Michael Rottmayr, ama-altare ka-Paul Troger, ipulpiti kanye ne-altare eliphakeme eliklanywe u-Giuseppe Galli-Bibiena, izithombe eziqoshiwe eziklanywe u-Lorenzo Mattielli nemifanekiso eqoshiwe ka-Peter Widerin kudala umbono omangalisayo waleli bandla eliphakeme le-Baroque.
Esithweni esikhulu esakhiwe umakhi wezitho wase-Viennese u-Gottfried Sonnholz, kuphela ukubonakala kwangaphandle kwesitho kusukela ngesikhathi sakhiwa ngo-1731/32 okulondoloziwe. Umsebenzi wangempela uyekwa ngo-1929 ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa. Isitho sanamuhla sakhiwa nguGregor-Hradetzky ngo-1970.
Indawo engadini
Ipaki ye-baroque abbey enombono we-baroque garden pavilion esitezi esingaphansi ekuqaleni yayiklanywe ngembali ye-baroque, isitshalo esiluhlaza kanye nemihlobiso yamatshe, kusukela kumbono wengadi "yepharadesi" yenkathi ye-baroque ngesikhathi idalwa. Ingadi isekelwe kumqondo wefilosofi-yemfundiso yenkolo, inombolo engcwele 3. Ipaki ibekwe emathafeni angu-3 anesitsha samanzi, amanzi njengophawu lokuphila, ku-3rd terrace. Umgodi womthombo ogobile we-baroque esitezi esingaphansi, maphakathi ne-axis longitudinal yengadi kanye nenkundla yengadi, uhambelana nesibani esingaphezu kwe-cupola yesonto, lapho uSt. UMoya, umuntu wesithathu waphezulu, umelwe ngesimo sejuba njengophawu lokuphila.
Ngemuva kuka-1800 kwaklanywa ipaki ye-landscape yamaNgisi. Leli paki libe selikhule kakhulu kwaze kwaba yilapho ipaki yezindela ilungiswa ngo-1995. "Ithempeli Lokuhlonishwa", i-neo-baroque, inkundla enekholomu enezinhlangothi eziyisishiyagalombili evulekile ene-mansard hood ethafeni lesi-3 lepaki lezindela, kanye nomthombo kwabuyiselwa, njengoba kwakunjalo nohlelo oludala lwezindlela. I-avenue yezihlahla ze-linden, ezinye zazo ezineminyaka engaba ngu-250 ubudala, zitshalwe endaweni ephakeme kakhulu yepaki ye-abbey. Ama-accents obuciko besimanje axhuma ipaki nesimanje.
Ukufakwa kwe-"Benedictus-Weg" kunendikimba ethi "Benedictus the blessed" njengokuqukethwe kwayo. Insimu yepharadesi yandlalwe ngokuvumelana namamodeli amadala avela ezingadini zezindela, enamakhambi okwelapha kanye nezitshalo ezinemibala eqinile nephunga elimnandi.
Ngezansi kune-"Jardin méditerranée" ingadi yangaphandle, yaseMedithera. Izitshalo zeBhayibheli ezinjengemikhiwane, imivini, isundu kanye nesihlahla sama-apula zitshalwa ngokuqhubekayo endleleni.
Ingadi yensimu
I-baroque garden pavilion esitezi esiphansi sepaki ye-abbey idonsa amehlo.
Ngo-1747/48 uFranz Munggenast wakhela abapristi inkundla yengadi njengendawo yokuphumula ngemva kwezikhathi eziqinile zeLent. Imithi yokwelapha eyayisetshenziswa ngaleso sikhathi, njengokuphuma kwegazi kanye nemithi ehlukahlukene yokukhipha ubuthi emzimbeni, yayidinga ukuqiniswa ngemva kwalokho. Izindela zahlukaniswa zaba ngamaqembu amabili, elinye laqhubeka nempilo evamile yezindela kanti elinye livunyelwe ukuphumula.
Imidwebo ka-Johann W. Bergl, umfundi kaPaul Troger kanye nomngane kaFranz Anton Maulbertsch, ibonisa isimo sengqondo se-baroque esicabangayo ekuphileni, izimo ze-paradisiacal ezidwetshiwe, njengokuphambene nokuzincisha ukuphila kwezindela. Itimu yamafrescoes ngaphezu kwamafasitela neminyango ehholo elikhulu lenkundla iwumhlaba wezinzwa. I-Putti imele izinzwa ezinhlanu, isibonelo umqondo wokunambitha, umqondo obaluleke kakhulu, umelwe kabili, njengokuphuza eningizimu nokudla enyakatho.
Ilanga likhanya maphakathi ne-ceiling fresco, i-vault yezulu, futhi ngaphezu kwayo sibona i-arc ye-zodiac enezimpawu zanyanga zonke zezinkathi zentwasahlobo, ihlobo nekwindla.
Emaphethelweni e-fresco yophahla ophahleni olupendiwe, kuboniswe amazwekazi amane aziwa ngaleso sikhathi: iYurophu enyakatho, i-Asia empumalanga, i-Afrika eningizimu neMelika entshonalanga. Izigcawu ezingavamile zingabonakala kwamanye amagumbi, njengokutholwa kweMelika ekamelweni elisempumalanga. Ukuboniswa kwezingelosi ezidlala amakhadi noma izingelosi ezinezinhlamvu zebhilidi kubonisa ukuthi leli gumbi lalisetshenziswa njengehholo lokugembula.
Phakathi nezinyanga zasehlobo, ihholo elikhulu lenkundla yengadi e-Melk Abbey lisetshenziswa njengesiteji samakhonsathi ngezinsuku ze-Baroque zamazwe ngamazwe ngePhentekoste noma amakhonsathi ehlobo ngo-August.
I-Melk Abbey kanye nepaki yayo yakha yonke into evumelanayo ngokusebenzisana kwamazinga okomoya nawemvelo.